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Wooden Boat Kits. Boat Terms Aft Towards the back of the boat Bow The front of the boat Center Frame The boat component that is placed near the mid-point of the boat which helps define the shape of the boat and allows the boat to be built without building molds. Chine 1) The corner between the side of a flat, or vee-bottomed, Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook boat and its bottom. Wooden Boat Terminology Keel � the underside fore-aft backbone of the boat running at the very bottom of the structure and usually the heaviest timber Horn Timber � the aft part of the Keel connecting between the Ballast and the Transom Deadwood � A filler piece between the Keel and the lead Ballast at the bottom of keel appendage. Glossary: Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook A collection of lists and explanations of abstruse, obsolete, dialectical or technical terms. O.E.D. Reference Document: Modern Shipbuilding Terms F. Forrest Pease, J. B. Lippincott Company This glossary gives definitions of many (but by no means all) of the ship/boat construction terms the marine surveyor will find.
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The difference between the diameters of a bored hole and the bolt that is driven into it. Drift bolt. A cylindrical bolt, headed on one end, that is slightly larger in diameter than the hole into Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook which it is driven. Drop strake Fig. A strake of planking that is discontinued near the bow or stern because of decreasing hull surface area. A central stealer. Brushwood, scrapwood, or other loose material laid in the hold to protect the cargo from water damage or prevent it from shifting, or to protect the ceiling from abrasion.

Ekeing [Lengthening piece] Fig. A timber Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook used to lengthen another timber, such as the extension of a deck hook or knee.

Eye bolt Fig. A bolt with a circular opening at one end. A name sometimes given to the hawse holes or the areas around them; on ancient ships, ocular decorations at the same locations. Fair curve [Fair line]. A shape or line whose curvature agrees with the mold loft Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook or that is mechanically acceptable and seaworthy.

False keel [Shoe] Figs. G-3 , G-4a , G-4b , and G A plank, timber, or timbers attached to the bottom of the keel to protect it in the event of grounding or hauling; on large ships, false keels were sometimes made quite thick in order to increase the size and strength of the keel.

In North America from the Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook eighteenth century onward, and perhaps in other areas, false keels were called shoes. An outer timber fixed to the forward surface of the stem to strengthen or protect it, or to provide better symmetry to the cutwater.

Also, a name sometimes given to the apron in English documents. False sternpost. A member attached to the after surface of the sternpost to reinforce or protect Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook it. Fashion piece [Fashion timber] Fig. A timber that framed the shape of the stern. Figure piece Gd. A name sometimes given to the upper piece of the knee of the head, upon which the figurehead rested. Filling frame Fig.

A frame composed of a single row of timbers, usually scarfed together, that filled the space between the main, or double-rowed, frames of a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook large ship. Filling piece [Filler] Fig. A single timber or block used to fill out an area, such as the side of a gunport where it did not coincide with a frame, or in the spaces between frames to maintain rigidity. Fine lines. A descriptive term applied to a vessel with a sharp entrance and a narrow hull.

An English term for the modern Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Norwegian word describing the fishtail-shaped mast partners on Viking vessels. Fish plate Fig. A metal plate used to join two timbers externally. Flat scarf Fig. The union of two planks or timbers whose diagonal ends were nibbed cut off perpendicular to their lengths. When planking is scarfed vertically, the ends are not nibbed. Floor ribband [Floor ribbon]. The floor rising line; specifically, a ribband Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook or batten fastened to the outside of the frames at the heads of the floor timbers; used for fairing and to determine the shapes and lengths of intermediate frames.

Floor timber Fig. A frame timber that crossed the keel and spanned the bottom; the central piece of a compound frame. Flush deck. A deck running continuously from bow to stern, without breaks or Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook raised elements. Foot wale [Footwaleing] Fig. Thick longitudinal strakes of ceiling located at or near the floor head line or turn of the bilge. Some eighteenth-century English documents called the thick strakes next to the limber strake, or sometimes all of the ceiling, footwaleing , in which case the heavy strakes near the turn of the bilge were known as thick stuff.

Variously, a short, Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook raised foredeck, the forward part of the upper deck between the foremast and the stem, or the quarters below the foredeck. A curved piece between the forward end of the keel and the knee of the head; the gripe. In some documents describing large ships, it is the name given to the rounded forward portion of the gripe, inserted as a separate piece.

Forelock Wood Boat Fiberglass Over Wood Boat Construction Qr Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook bolt Fig. An iron bolt with a head on one end and a narrow slot at the other; secured by placing a washer over its protruding end and driving a flat wedge, called a forelock , into the slot. Forelock bolts were one of the most popular of shipbuilding fastenings, being commonly used to secure major timbers from Roman times until the nineteenth century.

Frame Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Fig. A transverse timber, or line or assembly of timbers, that described the body shape of a vessel and to which the planking and ceiling were fastened. Frames were sometimes called timbers or, erroneously, ribs see Rib. Ancient ships often had frames composed of lines of unconnected timbers; later ships usually had compound frames composed of floor timbers , futtocks , and top timbers. Square frames Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Terms Workbook Boat Construction were those set perpendicular to the keel; in the bow and stern there were cant frames , running obliquely to the keel.

Forward of the cant frames and fayed to them, in large round-bowed vessels, were the frames running parallel to the keel and stem, sometimes called knuckle timbers ; more accurately, these were the hawse pieces and knight heads , the latter being the frames adjacent Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to the apron or stem-son that extended above the deck to form bitts and support the bowsprit. The aftermost frames were the fashion pieces , which shaped the stern. Frame details are illustrated in Figs. G-3 , G-5 , G , G , and G Futtock Fig.

A frame timber other than a floor timber, half-frame, or top timber; one of the middle pieces of a frame. Futtock plank. In Wood Boat Construction Terms WorkbookWorkbook Wood Boat Terms Construction Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook g> English shipbuilding, the first ceiling plank next to the limber strake. A seagoing vessel propelled primarily by oars, but usually one that also could be sailed when necessary.

Gammoning hole [Gammoning slot] Fig. An opening in the knee of the head through which the bowsprit gammoning lashing passed. Gammoning knee. Gammon piece Fig. The part of the knee of the head containing Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the gammoning hole. G-4 and G The strake of planking next to the keel; the lowest plank. Also, the lowest side strake of a flat-bottomed hull. Girdling [Girding]. The practice of adding timber to the sides of ships to increase their breadth and thereby improve stability.

The practice was most common on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century British vessels and was employed to overcome design flaws Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook due to inability to calculate metacentric height. A latticework hatch cover used for light and ventilation. Also, a term applied to the latticework deck in the heads of large ships.

Graving [Breaming]. The vessel was careened or drydocked to perform this task. Graving iron Fig. A hook-like tool used for removing old caulking. Graving piece Fig. A wooden patch, or insert, let into a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook damaged or rotted plank. Gripe Fig. A curved piece joining the forward end of the keel to the lower end of the knee of the head. Generally, the same as forefoot. Gudgeon Fig. A metal bracket attached to the sternpost into which a rudder pintle was hung; the female part of a rudder hinge.

Gundeck Fig. The deck where the guns were located; large Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Boat Workbook Construction Terms Wood Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook ships had as many as three gundecks a three-decker , called the lower, middle, and upper gundecks. Gunport framing. The sills , lintles , and filling pieces that shape and reinforce the gunports. Gunwale [Gunnel] Fig.

In sixteenth-century vessels, the wale against which the guns rest. Half beam Figs. G-7c and G-7d. A beam extending from the side to a hatch or other obstruction.

See also Beam Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook arm. A frame whose heel began at or near one side of the keel or deadwood and spanned part or all of that side of the hull; half-frames normally were used in pairs. Hanging knee Fig. A vertical angular timber used to reinforce the junction of a beam and the side. Harpins [Harpings]. The forward planks of wales that were strengthened by increased thickness Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook near the stem; usually found on large, round-bowed vessels.

Also, a term applied to specially shaped battens fitted to the cant frames or other areas of extreme curvature during construction; used to check and adjust frame bevels. Hatch [Hatchway] Fig. Hatch beam Fig. A removable beam that supported the hatch cover and provided lateral strength when the hatch was not in use.

Hawse Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook bolster. One of the heavy planks fixed around or below the hawse holes to protect the hull planking. A cylindrical hole in the bow through which the anchor cable passed. Hawse piece [Hawse timber] Figs. A fore-and-aft framing timber whose heel was fayed to the forwardmost cant frame and which reinforced the bow of a large, round-bowed vessel; hawse pieces were so named because Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the hawse holes were partially cut through them.

The tube through which the anchor cable passed between the hawse hole and windlass or capstan deck. In a general sense, the forward part of a vessel; the extreme bow area; also, a name sometimes given to the figurehead or, on later vessels, to the latrine.

See also Timber head. Head knee. Sometimes a designation for Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook cheek knee cheek , but more frequently an alternate term for knee of the head. Head ledge Fig. An athwartships hatch coaming. Headrails Fig. Curved rails extending from the bow to the knee of the head. The junction of the keel and sternpost; also, an angular timber connecting the keel to the sternpost. Separate heel timbers on cogs and cog-like vessels are most frequently called Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook hooks.

Heel knee [Stern knee]. An angular timber reinforcing the junction between the keel and the sternpost. Helm port [Rudder hole] Figs. Ga and Gc. The opening in the stern where the rudder stock entered the hull. Helm port transom Figs.

The timber reinforcing the helm port. Hogging truss [Hogging frame]. A strong fore-and-aft framework built into a vessel to prevent hogging; hogging trusses Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook were most commonly seen in canal boats and other long inland vessels.

In ancient vessels, it was a strong cable supported by forked posts and attached to the ends of the hull to serve the same purpose.

Hold Fig. In a general sense, the interior of a hull. Hooding ends [Hoods, Hood ends]. The ends of planks that fit into the stem and sternpost Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Workbook Wood Terms Construction Boat Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook rabbets; hooding ends were sometimes reduced in thickness to permit a better join with the posts.

A knee-like timber that connected the keel or central plank to the stem or sternpost. A northern European designation, it is used almost exclusively in reference to cogs and cog-like vessels.

In later English documents, bow hooks were called gripes ; stern hooks were called heels. Hook and butt Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Fig. A method of planking whereby one edge of the plank was straight while its opposite side had sloping edges locked by a hook. Infrequently, the term was also used to denote a hook scarf.

Hook bolt Fig. A bolt with a hook-shaped head used for securing detachable lines, tackle, and other gear. Hook scarf Fig.

The union of two planks or timbers Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Workbook Boat Construction Wood Terms Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook whose angular ends are offset to lock the joint. Hook scarfs are sometimes locked with wedges, or keys. Horning [To horn]. A process by which frames were aligned to assure that they were level and exactly perpendicular to the keel.

See Horning pole for a description of the process. Horning pole [Horning board, Horning line]. A batten, pole, or line used to align frames; one end was mounted over the keel centerline, or atop the stem or sternpost, while the other end was marked and swung across each frame head to ensure that each side of the frame was equidistant from, and perpendicular to, the keel centerline.

G-3 and G-9l. A U-shaped iron plate fastened across the seam of the stem and forefoot to strengthen it. A cable Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook or assembly of cables installed in ancient galleys to overcome hogging. Inner stempost. The inner timber or timbers of a double-layered stem; unlike an apron, an inner stempost ends at the keel-stem scarf. Inner sternpost Fig. A vertical timber attached to the forward surface of the sternpost to increase its strength, and in some cases, to support the transoms.

Intermediate timbers. Those individual timbers Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook installed between the sequential frames for additional localized strength. They could span part of the bottom, turn of the bilge, or side.

The term applies primarily to ancient ships and inshore craft, where they reinforced the areas around beams, mast steps, bilge sumps, etc. See Plate knee. Jeer bitts Fig. Upright posts used for staying the various courses or halyards.

Notches cut into the Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook surface or edge of a timber, as in the exterior frame surfaces of clinker-built hulls or in the edges of some ancient Egyptian hull planks. The main longitudinal timber of most hulls, upon which the frames, deadwoods, and ends of the hull were mounted; the backbone of the hull. Keel plank [Central plank, Kingplank]. A central hull plank that was substantially thicker than the Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook rest of the bottom planking and whose breadth was at least twice as great as its thickness; a thick bottom plank used in lieu of a keel.

Keelson [Kelson] Figs. G-3 , G-4a , and G-4b. An internal longitudinal timber or line of timbers, mounted atop the frames along the centerline of the keel, that provided additional longitudinal strength to the bottom of the hull; an Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook internal keel. Most commonly, a single keelson was installed that was no larger than the keel. On very large vessels, however, various combinations of as many as a dozen keelsons were assembled.

Where extra molding was required, one or more additional keelsons, called rider keelsons or false keelsons , were bolted to the top of the main keelson. They could be of identical size Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to, or smaller than, the main keelson.

Auxiliary keelsons bolted alongside the main keelson were known as sister U. However, care should be exercised in interpreting the various keelsons from contracts. For instance, some nineteenth-century American contracts for large schooners refer to the keelson above the main keelson as the sister, and the one above that as the assistant sister keelson. On occasion, large Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook square timbers were placed at the floor head line or near the bilge, usually above the bilge keels.

These were called bilge keelsons or, in some British document, sister keelsons. Secondary keelsons did not necessarily run the full length of the hull, terminating at the ends of the hold, the last square frames, or some other appropriate location. Figure G-4 illustrates some typical arrangements. Keel Wood Boat Construction Terms WorkWood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook book staple [Keel clamp] Figs. G-3 and G-4a. A large metal staple used to attach the false keel to the keel. Kevel head. The extension of a frame or top timber above the bulwarks to form a bitt, to which ropes were secured.

Kingplank [Central strake, Kingstrake]. Variously, the central strake of a flush deck or the central strake of a hull without a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook keel. Knee [Knee timber] Figs. An angular piece of timber used to reinforce the junction of two surfaces of different planes; usually made from the crotch of a tree where two large branches intersected, or where a branch or root joined the trunk. See also Dagger knee , Hanging knee , Lodging knee , and Standing knee.

Knee of the head [Head knee] Fig. A knee or Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook knee-shaped structure, fixed to the forward surface of the stem, that formed the cutwater at its lower end and supported the headrails and figurehead at its upper end. Knightheads Figs. The forwardmost frame timbers, which ran parallel to the stem, their heels being fayed to the forwardmost cant p.

Also, a name given to a pair of bitts, located just aft of the foremast Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook on merchant ships, that supported the ends of the windlass, or to any bitt whose upper end was carved in the shape of a human head. Knuckle timbers Fig. A name sometimes applied to the fore and aft frames in the bow of a roundbowed ship. The hawse pieces and knightheads. Ledge Figs. G-7a and G-7b. A short beam set between and parallel Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to the deck beams to provide intermediate support of the deck; the ends of ledges were supported by carlings , clamps , or lodging knees.

A large plate, or assembly of timbers, mounted on the side of a hull and lowered when sailing off the wind to increase lateral resistance and reduce leeway. Level lines. Another name for the waterlines on hull plans; they described the Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook horizontal sections of the hull. Light [Light port]. Limber boards Fig. Ceiling planks next to the keelson which could be removed to clean the limbers; on some ancient vessels, limber boards were laid transversely above the centerline of the keel.

Holes or slots were sometimes cut into limber boards so that they could be lifted more easily. Limber holes [Watercourses] Figs. Apertures cut in Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the bottom surfaces of frames over, or on either side of, the keel to allow water to drain into the pump well. Limber ledges. Rabbeted timbers running parallel to the keel and atop the floor timbers for the purpose of supporting transverse ceiling planks. Watercourses or channels alongside or central to the keel or keelson, through which water could drain into the pump well.Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook

Limber strake Fig. The lowest permanent ceiling strake, fastened to the tops of the frames next to the limber boards and keelson. Lines [Hull lines]. Frames: a an example of double framing�a square frame of an early-nineteenth-century merchant ship; b two additional commonly used frame timber joints; c room and space of a popular framing plan; d some vessels were framed with a pair Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook of overlapping floor timbers having arms of unequal length, resulting in an even number of timbers in each frame; e lower side view of the framing plan of a large warship, where a pair of single frames called filling frames were set between double frames; futtocks, marked F, are shown by number; in such an arrangement, the room and space included the filling frames; Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook and f bevels and chamfers.

Lining Fig. The common ceiling of the orlop, berthing, and gun decks of ships, set between the spirketting and the clamps. The lining was frequently called quickwork , a term more commonly used in British documents. The upper horizontal timber framing a gunport, large square light, or gallery door.

Load line. In some cases the term load line denoted full-load Terms Construction Workbook Boat Wood Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook draft. See Draft marks. Locked pintle. A pintle that was flanged or keyed in order to prevent the rudder from accidentally unshipping. Lodging knee [Lodge knee] Figs. A horizontal, angular timber used to reinforce two perpendicular beams or the junction of a beam and the side of the hull. Another term for the stock of a quarter rudder. Also, the stock, or pole Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook piece, of an oar or sweep. A term used frequently to describe the caulking of lapstrake clinker-built hulls.

In most cases, animal hair, wool, or moss was soaked in pitch or resin and laid in a luting cove , which was cut in the lower inside surface of the overlapping plank. Luting generally refers to caulking inserted between two hull members before they were assembled, Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Construction Workbook Boat Wood Terms as opposed to driven caulking see Caulk.

The term is also applied to any plastic material used between two adjacent members. In shipbuilding, the adjective applied to the most important timbers, or those having the greatest cross-sectional area; thus, on ancient vessels the main wale was usually the lowest and largest, while on later warships it was the one below the gunports; also, main Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook breadth, main hatch, main hold, main keelson, etc.

Main frame. A term sometimes applied to frames composed of two rows of futtocks to distinguish them from filling frames, the single-rowed frames placed between them; it applies to larger vessels of the last few centuries. The term was also used infrequently to denote the midship frame. Main piece Fig. The longest and largest timber in Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the knee of the head.

Also, a term sometimes applied to the main vertical timber, or stock, of a rudder Fig. Mallet Fig. A large hammer with a short handle and a cylindrical wooden head, sometimes hooped with iron to prevent it from splitting, used for caulking caulking mallet and general shipwrightery.

The heaviest mallets were also called beetles. A small compartment, located just Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook inside the hawse hole, whose after bulkhead called a manger board diverted water entering the hawse hole into the limbers. Mast carlings Fig. Fore-and-aft beams that helped support a mast where it pierced a deck; also called mast partners.

See Partners. Bow construction: a top view of port frames; b deck hook; c breast hook and hawse hole; and d one of many arrangements Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook used for assembling the knee of the head. See Partners and Mast carlings. Mast step Figs. A mortise cut into the top of a keelson or large floor timber, or a mortised wooden block or assembly of blocks mounted on the floor timbers or keelson, into which the tenoned heel of a mast was seated.

Various types of mast steps are shown in Figure Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook G Maul Fig. A heavy wood or iron hammer, primarily used to drive large bolts. Stern construction: a stern framing of an eighteenth-century brig; b partial side view of the same stern near the post; c partial top view of the same stern; d lower stern framing of a galleon; e alternate stern details; and f one form of skeg installation on a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook small sloop.

A thick plank separating the bottom, or lower ship , of a Viking hull from its sides. Either rectangular or L-shaped in cross-section, p. The intersection of a vertical line drawn through the center of gravity of a vessel when it is stable with a vertical line drawn through its center of buoyancy when the vessel is heeled. Midship [Midships]. A contraction of Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook amidships and consequently, in a general sense, it refers to the middle of the ship. In construction, however, it is often used as an adjective referring to the broadest part of the hull, wherever it may be.

Midship beam Fig. The longest beam in a vessel, located at or near the midship bend. Midship bend Fig. The broadest part of the hull; the widest Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook body shape, formed by the centerline of the midship frame. Midship flat [Midship body, Midsection, Midship section]. The extent of the broadest part of the hull, formed by the midship frame and all adjacent frames of the same breadth.

Midship frame Fig. The broadest frame in the hull; the frame representing the midship shape on the body plan. Arrangements likely to be encountered on Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Terms Boat Workbook Construction Wood Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook shipwrecks: a crutches brace the foremast step on the Revolutionary War privateer Defence ; b a mainmast step of the type used on very large eighteenth-century warships; c one of a variety of methods for stepping a mizzenmast; d bowsprits of smaller vessels were sometimes stepped above deck in a broad sampson post as illustrated, or between pairs of riding bitts just below deck; e Wood Workbook Boat Terms Construction Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the bowsprit of a large eighteenth-century warship; and f an athwartships view of the forward surface of the same step, showing its two-piece construction.

Two bend molds and a hollow mold are fitted together to form a compound mold or half of a square frame. Individual molds, probably representing futtocks of frame M, are numbered in Roman numerals.

Redrawn from old notebook sketches. Mold Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wooden Boat Books For Sale Toronto Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook [Mould] Fig. A pattern used to determine the shapes of frames and other compass timbers. Molds were usually made from thin, flexible pieces of wood. Convex molds were called bend molds , concave molds were p. The degree of bevel and other pertinent information was written on the molds. The process of shaping outer frame surfaces with molds was known as beveling.

Figure G Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook illustrates several types of molds. See also Whole molding. Molded [Molded dimension]. The various dimensions of timbers as seen from the sheer and body views of construction plans; the dimensions determined by the molds. Thus, the vertical surfaces the sides of keels, the fore-and-aft sides of the posts, the vertical or athwartships surfaces of frames, etc.

Normally, timbers are expressed in sided and molded Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook dimensions, while planks and wales are listed in thicknesses and widths. Molded and sided dimensions are used because of the changing orientation of timbers, such as p. Molded depth. The depth of a hull, measured between the top of the upper deck beams at the side and a line parallel to the top of the keel. Mold loft. A protected area or building in Workbook Construction Wood Boat Terms a shipyard where the hull lines, from which the molds were produced, were drawn full size on a specially prepared flat surface.

Mortise Fig. A cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. Large mortises were sometimes referred to as steps. Mortise-and-tenon joint Fig. A union of planks or timbers by which a projecting piece tenon was fitted into one or more cavities Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook mortises of corresponding size.

The most common types are:. Fixed tenon and single mortise Fig. A tenon was shaped from the end on one timber and inserted into the mortise of the other. When the tenon of a large vertical timber was left unlocked, as in masts, and sternposts, it was said to be stepped. Free tenon and two mortises Fig. The most common Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook method of edge-joining planking in ancient and early medieval vessels in the Mediterranean area, it also was used to secure adjoining surfaces of parallel timbers, such as stems and floor timber chocks.

On a boat plan this is the end station at the stem. FOUL When a line tangled or becomes jammed. Foul ground indicates an area of seabed with obstructions. The hull framework Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Workbook Construction Boat Terms Wood Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to which the planks are attached. Any of the curved timbers which are joined together to form the ribs of a wooden vessel; Those next to the keel are known as ground futtocks, those further up as upper futtocks.

Rope, chain, or iron rods which secure the lower dead-eyes and futtock plates of a top mast to rigging to the lower mast. Also a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook hook used fro landing fish. The standard time used in navigation calculations. A Great circle route will lie along a great circle and is the shortest distance between any two points on the earth's surface.

If you haven't already swallowed it, don't put it in the heads. HEAD A marine toilet or the upper corner of a triangular sail. HULL Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook The main structural body of the boat. See Signal Flags. IRONS A sailboat is said to be in irons when it is pointing directly into the wind and unable get the sails to fill properly.

JETSAM; Any part of a ship, its equipment, or cargo that has been purposefully cast overboard or jettisoned and is then washed ashore. KEEL; The main structural element of Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook a boat running fore and aft on the center line. Also the flat surface projecting from the bottom of the boat to reduce the leeway.

The shorter rear mast is the mizzen. KNEE; Supporting braces used for strength when two parts are joined at an angle. Or small motor boat used as a tender. Or a board placed vertically along the side of a Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook bunk to keep the occupant from falling out. LINE A rope. LOG A device used to measure the speed and the distance travelled through the water.

Also the written record of a boat's travels. LUFF The leading edge of a sail, also used to describe the situation where the leading edge of the sail stalls. MARK A navigation buoy or other object used Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to show a position. MAST Any vertical pole or spar protruding above decks on a boat. MAYDAY The internationally recognized radio distress signal, must only be used to indicate a life threatening situation.

MOOR To attach a boat to a fixed object. OAR A long bladed apparatus for manually propelling rowing boat. OVERFALL Where there are differences in surface level due to the action Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook of currents over the sea bed or in conflict with opposing currents, wind or tide.

PALM A protective strap with a built in thimble worn on the hand when sewing. PORT The side of the boat on the left when facing forward. An area where ships can unload. Also a window in a boat's side. Usually designed to take and secure the ends Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook of a number of planks, such as the stem rabbet.

Or, in the case of the keel rabbet, designed to take the edge of the garboard strake. RADAR; An electronic instrument using radio waves to display the location of other objects on or above the surface in relation to the boat and their distance relative to her.

Or the height difference between high and Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook low tides. REEF Reducing the sail area by partially lower a sail. Also rocks which are close to the surface of the water. RODE The anchor rode is the line or chain to which it is attached. SET The direction of a current. I have about 80 Really long clamps see the pics of the transom Pencils, rulers, tape measure Rope Home made Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook long flat sander. With 40 and 80 grit. Drills that do pilot holes and counter sink in 1 Phillips Screw driver bits for the cordless drills High doses of Saw dust are known to cause lung damage and cancer, You only have one set of eyes, and sadly my hands have one or two extra scars from the construction of this boat.

Step 1 Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Planning I drew and drew lots of sketches.. I created cardboard templates for the centre rib and the transom to guide me in their making, and identified a nice piece of timber for the stem.. Because of the method of construction getting these right is critical The pics show the Templates for the Center rib showing detail for cut out for keel and inwales Terms Construction Wood Workbook Boat etc- all the dimensions are in mm NOTE: T he Keel was 60mm Wide not 44 as in these pics..

In addition The inwales were 15mm thick in the final build not 12 as marked on the template in the pic.. I made the transom by gluing floorboards together and then marked out the shape from the template.

And cut it.. I Clamped it Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Workbook Construction Terms Wood Boat together and sandwiched it between two pieces of wood to ensure it was flat.. I used kitchen wrap to isolate the "form work" from the rest of the glue Urethane glue foams as it sets I cut and pre sanded the pieces for the centre rib before I glued clamped and then screwed them.

After the glue was dry I made the cut outs Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook for the inwales , chines and the keel. I used some small angle brackets and clamps to mock up the chines and inwales. I put in a temporary keel and thwart across the centre rib.

You can see the living room in action here. Note that the Transom is not Square to the keel. It is on on angle to allow the outboard to be Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook trimmed. But first I had to match the cut outs in the centre rib to the curves of the chines and inwales- In the close up picture you can see the G Clamp holding a small steel bracket clamped to the chine for this Once everything was right and true I tied and clamped it so I could finally glue and screw the Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook chines and inwales to the transom, centre rib and stem.

The chines meeting the stem. Note that I later cut a notch in bottom of the stem so the keel would fit nicely when it was put properly in place.. You can see pics of this in later steps. Once the basic shape was formed by the natural curves of the timber I carefully Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook measured the locations for the other ribs about mm Centre to centre and measured each element of the rib to be made.. I then built and shaped each rib uniquely to its location and fitted it:- being careful to ensure that the boat remained symmetrical.

At this point the keel had not been glued in it was clamped on.. To make the bottom Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook sections of the ribs I made a cardboard template then used the frame itself to ensure I got the angles and the distances correct. It is three pieces of cardboard. One with a cut-out that matched the profile of the chine on the bottom of the picture and another matching the profile of the keel on the top. I lined up each cut out Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook and then stapled the pieces making a careful note of the angle of curve in the chines at that location�I then � transferred the template to my timber blank, marked the cuts and proceeded.

Once the rib had been made only minor adjustments Sanding to the angles of the cuts were required.. After finishing the ribs the keel was glued and screwed in pace. Two Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook heels- were installed on the keel one against the transom and another against the stem.

When everything was dry and stable I planed down the stem to meet the line of the boat. For the front-most rib I cut a curved piece of wood to go across the top to support some decking.. It is symmetrical.. I cut rebates into the bottom of Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook the ribs about mm out from the keel. I cut the rebate very carefully so the depth matched the thickness of the stringer to avoid too much fairing..

The stringers were then glued and screwed in.. Here is a drawing of what that looks like. Attached s a close up of the bottom, a chine, and a rib showing the fit.

The side panel has been done in this pic. I attached a 19mm wide vertical strip to the keel. The bottom planking butts up to this and the strip protrudes about 15mm. The strip was glued and screwed from the inside through the keel. It sat on the flat middle part of the keel left untouched by the fairing.

See the centre rib drawing in the Construction Wood Terms Boat Workbook fairing section I also put in two seat rails 15mm x 20mm by notching out a step on the inner side of each rib and putting a small lug on each side ofthe transom to support them.

I also did a lot of sanding. You have fantastic access to all parts of the boat before it is planked so do as much as possible.. The Wood Boat Construction Terms WorkbookWood Boat Construction Terms Workbook ng> detail of the attachment of the keel to the stem and how that is shaped can be seen. This was fun.. Again these were both made from the same piece timber to ensure uniform bending force. After matching the cardboard sides from the full size mock up to the sides of the boat frame I traced them out onto the sheets of ply Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook plus 10mm all around for risk�.

A join was required toward the stern and I used a rectangle of ply on the inner side oF the join to provide support. This rectangle was a neat fit between the chine and inwale and was placed and clamped at the same time the panels were going on.

While wearing gloves, I ran a bead of glue Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook across every surface on the frame and spread it with a small spatula. Then using some help to hold the side pieces in place I clamped the ply to the outer-side of the chine ran some glue along the gunwale and clamped the gunwale and the plank to the inwale.. I used a clamp every mm. To ensure the boat stayed symmetrical both sides Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook were clamped in mm turns to ensure uniform bending and forces While being held by the clamps I drew out the lines for screws and used a large compass I made to set the distance between each screw.

I then used 1 cordless drill fitted with a bit that did a pilot hole and a rebate in one and another with a Philips drive Wood Boat Construction Terms Workbook to put in the screw. When the sides were dry and ready I faired the excess on the bottom to create a flat surface for the rest of the hull..

Three short ones at the front and one larger piece for the rest. Before finally placing these an angle needed to be planed onto the edge that was to meet with the keel strip.

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