Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar
Cumulative damage and residual deformation of structural Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar components of Yingxian Wood Pagoda over its existence have caused widespread concern. Because Yingxian Wood Pagoda is a very complex ancient wooden structure, previous studies on single-storey Building Wooden Scholar Ship Google Plans and multistorey ancient structures are not very applicable. In this study, the deformation Ship Building Wooden Zhang to the pagoda at the components, storey, and overall structure levels was monitored Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar considering residual deformation, component cracking, and component connection conditions.
The effects of different factors were preliminarily identified, including the structural weight, external impacts such as earthquakes and Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar artillery shells, differences in moisture content according to sunlight exposure, and the prevailing wind direction. The study findings are useful in diagnosing the health and causes of Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Plans Wooden Ship Google Scholar Building deformation of unique buildings such as this in order to develop effective repair and restoration measures.
It is a nine-storey wooden structure with a height of The pagoda contains 26 colourful sculptures including Sakyamuni, Manjushri, and Samantabhadra of various sizes on the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth floors. It has received significant attention Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar because of its importance in terms of religion, culture, history, architecture, structure, and art.
However, the damage caused by various factors over the past millennium has reduced Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar its bearing and deformation capacities. A detailed damage analysis is required to evaluate its safety.
The pagoda is placed on top of a 4. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the octagonal plan and vertical section views of the pagoda. The circumscribed circle diameter of the bottom floor is There are 24 columns in Google Wooden Scholar Ship Building Plans Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar the outer ring, 24 columns in the middle ring and an additional 62 auxiliary columns , and eight columns in the inner ring and an additional 44 auxiliary columns.
The other eight floors each have inner and outer rings with eight and 24 wooden columns, respectively. Except for the ninth floor, the columns on the Plans Ship Building Google Scholar Wooden other floors have several auxiliary columns. The bottom columns are on the foundation stone, and the columns of other floors are inserted in the beams on the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar upper part of the floor.
The wooden frame, which consists of beams, columns, and Dou-Gong brackets, is the primary load-bearing part of Yingxian Wood Pagoda. Taking the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar third layer as an example, the major components are illustrated in Figure 4. The wooden components were identified to be made from larch Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr except Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar for the Lu-Dou layer, which is made from elm Ulmus rubra.
The column head is connected via mortise-tenon joints to the end of a beam, and Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Dou-Gong brackets are placed on the wooden beam to form a layer. The second, fourth, sixth, and eighth floors have similar structural features; the height of a column with diagonal braces is lower than that of the adjacent layers without diagonal Plans For Model Ship Building Models braces. The third, fifth, seventh, and ninth floors have similar structural features; the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Plans Google Building Ship Scholar Wooden Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar column height without diagonal braces is higher than that of adjacent layers with diagonal braces.
Each floor is stacked in the vertical section to form the pagoda Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar body. Because of this unique structure, the pagoda has survived in a complex environment for nearly years. However, because of long-term corrosion of the surface wood, the effective cross section of various components has decreased, gap between components has expanded to reduce the connection capacity, and the damage and residual deformation due to various Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar external loads have become obvious. The bearing and deformation capacities of Yingxian Wood Pagoda have decreased, which jeopardises its continued survival.
The annual average temperature of the surrounding area is 1. The annual average environmental humidity is The prevailing wind direction is southwest in November, which has the strongest winds [ 1 ]. The foundation of Yingxian Wood Pagoda is hard, homogeneous, and undamaged; two obviously internal artificial caves for placing objects have been detected [ 2 ].
Experimental results for the Dou-gong brackets [ 3 ], mortise-tenon joints [ 4 ], and dynamic behaviours [ 5 ] in the pagoda partly revealed the local structural performance. Preliminary analysis of the damage and a simple evaluation of the bearing capacity of the pagoda [ 6 ] brought attention to the complexity of the structural performance and difficult implementation of protective measures. In recent years, the residual deformation of columns on the third and fifth floors and serious damage to components on the first and second floors have attracted widespread attention, and many repair measures have been proposed.
Experts from the National Bureau of Cultural Relics of China conducted research on protection and reinforcement schemes on 6�7 June and 28�29 September , but failed to reach a consistent conclusion in terms of the architecture, structure, cultural relics, and other fields.
A large amount of empirical data has been collected on the repair of single- and multistorey ancient wooden structures [ 7 ]; however, Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Plans Google Wooden Ship Scholar Building the methods used are difficult to apply to this pagoda.
Therefore, a detailed analysis on damage to components and residual deformation is vital to the protection of Yingxian Wood Pagoda. In this work, on-site studies reported in the literature [ 1 , 8 ] and multiple surveys and mappings [ 9 � 12 ] carried Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar out over many years were used to classify and evaluate the damage to the columns, beams, and Dou-gong brackets.
A preliminary analysis was performed on the residual Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar deformation of the columns and overall structure. Furthermore, multiple reasons for the deformation of wooden structures were comprehensively analysed, Wooden Model Ship Building Videos Korean which is helpful for the protection and restoration of ancient buildings. The safety and reliability of the pagoda were analysed considering measured deformation data, component cracking, and the connection condition of the components.
Based on the dimensions and position information of various undamaged components in the pagoda reported in the literature [ 8 ], their actual relative positions were measured three times in using level station instrument [ 12 ] and in and [ 9 ] by total station instrument [ 11 ]. The position change information of each component was calculated as the difference of the measured data to the literature data. By comparing the contradictions or data errors of several measurements, the pagoda was complementally measured and checked in May The wooden pagoda base is filled and tamped; the direct bearing layer is tamped silt, and the layer below is Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar naturally deposited silt.
Its traits have changed from the original state to a stable state after compression. The groundwater is phreatic at a depth of 1. According to the existing study [ 8 ], the height of the two-layer platform is 4. However, the land has been levelled several times, and a recent survey indicated that the height is 3.
The pagoda has an independent irregular square stone foundation for the columns, and the inner and middle columns on the first floor are buried in an adobe wall. No obvious cracks were found on the wall surface. The feet of the inner columns were difficult to observe; Ship Google Wooden Building Plans Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar thus, it was assumed that there is no difference in the settlement.
Figure 5 shows the difference between the vertical position of each column head or column Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar foot and the average vertical position of all the column heads or column feet of each floor. The column head of each floor essentially changed as the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar position of the column foot. The position of the column heads on the first to fifth floors and ninth floor generally had a greater difference than the Wooden Scholar Google Building Ship Plans column feet mainly because of the length error of the column itself and inconsistent tilting.
The elevations of the heads of the inner columns on the first, third, fourth, and fifth floors were significantly higher than the other columns of the corresponding floor, which is based on the requirements of the architectural and structural functions during the design and construction.
Moreover, compared to the foot of the outer columns, the elevations of the inner columns on the third and fifth floors generally increased because their vertical structure was stacked by several beams Figure 6. In contrast, the outer columns had some Dou Figure 6 between the beams, Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar which led to different compressive deformations because of their diverse levels of vertical bearing stiffness. Under huge pressure, the inner columns on the second floor were completely cracked, and many auxiliary columns were added.
The inner columns had more obvious settlement than other columns on the same floor. However, this type of vertical displacement Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar was not manifestly transmitted to more than five floors; this was presumed to be due to adjustment during construction and self-adjustment by the structure.
Table 1 Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar presents the relative values for the vertical load of each column foot calculated according to the component size and dead load of the roof. Live loads were not considered. The inner columns usually had greater loads than the outer columns, which may be why the former had higher measured elevations than the latter. The Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar height difference between the inner and outer columns on the second floor was small; this is possibly because the building function needed the second floor to remain Plans Ship Google Scholar Building Wooden level and the height of the inner layer on the first floor was too high.
In the measured deformation data, several columns had significantly different heights, such as 2C19 on the second floor, 5C20 on the fifth floor, 8C17 on the eighth floor, and 9C19 on the ninth floor Figure 5. This may have been due to adjustments or construction errors.
The beam end sections, Gong roots, and Dou brackets were compressed perpendicular to the grain, whereas the columns were Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar compressed parallel to the grain. The residual vertical deformation of the beam directly connected to the column head Figure 7 was very obvious because it was concentrated Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Ship Building Wooden Scholar Plans Google by the column head and Lu-Dou bottom.
The values were markedly higher on the first and third floors than on the other floors because of serious damage. Columns Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar under pressure, inclination, splitting, and other damage caused large differences in the vertical height. Note that the columns on the north side and adjacent sides on Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar each floor of the pagoda showed greater settlement than those on the other sides Figure 5. This is because the north and adjacent sides of the pagoda were less exposed to sunlight; thus, their components experienced greater humidity.
This cumulatively increased the compressive deformations of the components on these sides, which generated a trend Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar of vertical deformations. For the inner columns, C26, C27, C30, and C31 of each floor carried high vertical loads; therefore, their vertical deformations were also greater. C30 and C31 had greater vertical deformations than C26 and C27, which was mainly due to discrepancy in the water content.
During the design and construction of Yingxian Wood Pagoda, most columns were designed to incline Ce-Jiao based on the building modulus and experience [ 8 ]. The inclination direction of each corner column Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar pointed to the vertical axis of the circumscribed centre of the regular octagon of a floor; the other columns were inclined perpendicular to the vertical plane where Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar the regular octagonal edge was located. The dotted lines in Figure 8 present the initial design of each column head relative to the column foot, while their Wooden Google Building Ship Plans Scholar actual inclination is shown as solid lines in the east-west and north-south directions.
The middle and inner ring columns on the first floor were wrapped in the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar adobe wall, which resulted in a large lateral displacement stiffness on this floor. A plurality of diagonal braces were arranged between the columns and beams of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth floors, and the columns were relatively short. Their lateral displacement stiffness was greater than that of the third, fifth, seventh, and Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar ninth floors, which had relatively tall columns and no diagonal braces.
Because the middle and inner columns on the first floor of the pagoda were buried in Plans Ship Scholar Building Wooden Google the adobe wall, only the tilting condition inferred from the modulus of the ancient building [ 8 ] was evaluated. The column inclinations on the second floor Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar were less than those of the initial design, which increased the distance between the inner and outer columns. The outer column inclined outward, which reduced the column-beam Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar tensile function.
In addition, the inner columns on the second floor were cracked and supported by many auxiliary components, which weakened their structural function. Compared to the initial design, the columns on each floor had disparate degrees of inclination Figure 8. Columns 6C1 and 6C14�6C17 on the sixth floor showed increasing inclination in the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar north-south direction.
For the seventh floor, all columns on the north and south sides were inclined to the north, and the columns on the south, southeast, Plans Scholar Building Ship Wooden Google east, and northwest sides were inclined to the west.
All columns on the eighth floor were inclined to the north, whereas most columns were inclined in the Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar east-west direction less than the initial design. For the ninth floor, all columns were inclined to the north, and the columns on the south, southeast, east, and Wooden Scholar Google Ship Building Plans Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar northeast sides were obviously inclined to the west. The columns on the west and southwest sides of the third floor and the west and northwest sides of the fifth floor were heavily inclined because of artillery shells from wars in and and showed bullet marks.
Accidental shelling actually produced large deformations in local areas, Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar which increased the residual deformation of the corresponding floor.
The continuous effect of wind for nearly years and the long-term difference in water contents of components caused regular trends in the residual deformation of each floor because the prevailing winds in the Yingxian County are in the northwest direction. Figure 9 illustrates the residual horizontal deformation at the centre of each structural layer column layer formed from the column feet to the heads, and beam-bracket layer formed from the top of the stud beam to the top of the bracket of the pagoda relative to the horizontal central projection of the regular octagonal stone base at the bottom of the platform.
This was obtained by combining the deformations in the east-west and north-south directions. The horizontal offset for the first floor was averaged from Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar the data of the eight corner columns of the outer circle that could be measured. Each structural layer had different inclination directions and degrees, but the overall Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar Wooden Ship Building Plans Google Scholar structure was inclined in the northeast direction.
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