Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification
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Economy in operations : Due to elimination of middlemen and voluntary services provided by its members. Government Support: Govt. Social utility: It promotes personal liberty, social justice and mutual cooperation. They help to prevent concentration of economic power in few hands. Shortage of capital � It suffers from shortage of capital as it is usually formed by people with limited means. Inefficient management � Co-operative society is managed by elected members who may not be competent and experienced.
Lack of motivation � Members are not inclined to put their best efforts as there is no direct link between efforts and reward. Lack of Secrecy � Its affairs are openly discussed in Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification its meeting which makes it difficult to maintain secrecy. Excessive govt. It has to get its accounts audited by the auditor and has to Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification submit a copy of its accounts to registrar. Conflict among members � The members are from different sections of society with different viewpoints.
Sometimes when some members become rigid, the result is conflict. Consumers co-operative Society � It formed to protect the interest of consumers. It seeks to Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification eliminate middleman by establishing a direct link with the producers. It purchases goods of daily consumption directly from manufacturer or wholesalers and sells them to the members at reasonable prices. These societies purchase raw materials, tools, equipments and other items in large quantity and provide these things to their members at reasonable price.
Marketing Co-operative Society � It performs various marketing function such as transportation, warehousing, packing, grading, marketing research etc. The production of different members is pooled together and sold by society at good price. Such societies provide better quality seeds, fertilizers, machinery and other modern techniques for use in the cultivation of crops. It provides them opportunity of cultivation on large scale. Credit co-operative Society � Such societies protect the members from exploitation by money lenders.
They provide loans to their members at easy terms and reasonably low rate of interest. Meaning � Joint stock company is a voluntary association of persons for profit, having a capital divided into transferable shares, the ownership of which is Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification the condition of membership. Incorporated association � The company must be incorporated or registered tender the companies Act Without registration no company can come into existence.
Separate Legal Existence � It is created by law and it is a distinct legal entity independent of its members. It can own property, enter into contracts, can file suits in its Concise Mathematics Class 10 Icse Solutions Chapter 5 Pdf own name. Perpetual Existence � Death, insolvency and insanity or change of members as no effect on the life of a company. It can come to an end only through the prescribed legal procedure. Limited Liability � The Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification liability of every member is limited to the nominal value of the shares bought by him or to the amt.
Transferability of shares � Shares of public Co. But there are certain restrictions on transfer of share of private Co. Common Seal- It is the official signature of Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification the company and it is affixed on all important documents of company.
Separation of ownership and control � Management of company is in the Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification hands of elected representatives of shareholders known individually as director and collectively as board of directors. Limited Liability � Limited liability of shareholder reduces Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification the degree of risk borne by him. Transfer of Interest � Easy transferability of shares increases the attractiveness of shares for investment. Perpetual Existence Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification � Existence of a company is not affected by the death, insanity,. Insolvency of member or change of membership.
Company can be liquidated only as per the provisions of companies Act. Scope for expansion � A company can collect huge amount of capital from unlimited no. Professional management Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Qualification Class 10 Cbse Pdf Mathematics � A company can afford to employ highly qualified experts in different areas of business management. Legal formalities � The procedure of formation of Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Co. Lack of secrecy � It is very difficult to maintain secrecy in case of public company, as company is required to publish and Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification file its annual accounts and reports.
Lack of Motivation � Divorce between ownership and control and absence of a direct link between efforts and reward lead to lack of personal interest and incentive. Delay in decision making � Red papism and bureaucracy do not permit quick decisions and Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification prompt actions. There is little scope for personal initiative. Oligarchic management � Co. Sometimes they take decisions keeping in mind their personal interests and Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification benefit, ignoring the interests of shareholders and Co.
It has to write only limited after its name. Ex- Reliance Industries Ltd. In its minimum Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification capital required is one lakh. In its minimum capital required is five lakhs. Formation of a company means bringing a company into existence and starting its business. The steps involved in the formation of a company are:. A private company has to undergo only first two steps but Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification a public company has to undergo all the four stages.
Identification of Business Opportunity : T he first and foremost function of a promoter is to identify a business idea e. Feasibility Studies: After identifying a business opportunity the promoters undertake detailed studies of technical, Financial, Economic feasibility of a business. Name Approval: After selecting the name of company the promotors submit an application to the Registrar of companies for its approval. Fixing Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification up signatories to the Memorandum of Association: Promotors have to decide about the director who will be signing the memorandum of Association.
Appointment of professional: Promoters appoint merchant bankers, auditors etc. Preparation of necessary documents: The promoters prepare certain legal documents such as memorandum of Association, Articles of Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Class 8 Social Science Book Pdf Cbse Pdf Qualification Association which have to be submitted to the Registrar of the companies.
Incorporation means registration of the company as body corporate under the companies Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Act and receiving certificate of Incorporation. Application for incorporation: Promoters make an application for the incorporation of the company to the Registrar of companies. Payment Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification of fees: Along with filing of above documents, registration fee has to be deposited which depends on amount of the authorized capital.
Registration: Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification The Registrar verifies all the document submitted. If he is satisfied then he enters the name of the company in his Register. Certificate of Incorporation: After entering the name of the company in the register. The Registrar issues a Certificate of Incorporation. This is called the birth certificate of the company.
A public company can raise funds from the public by issuing shares and Debentures. For this it has to issue prospectus Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification and undergo Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Solutions Office various other formalities:.
A public company is required to take approval from SEBI. Filing of Prospectus: Prospectus means any documents which invites Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification offers from the public to purchase share and Debenture of the company. Appointment of bankers, brokers, underwriters: Banker of the company receive the application money. Brokers encourage the public to apply for the shares, underwriters are the person who undertake to buy the shares if these are not subscribed by the public. They receive a commission for underwriting. If minimum subscription is not received then the allotment cannot be made and the Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification application money must be returned to the applicants within 30 days.
Application to Stock Exchange: It is necessary for a public company to list Pdf Cbse Qualification 10 Mathematics Class their shares in the stock exchange therefore the promoters apply in stock exchange to list company shares. Allotment of Shares: Allotment of shares means Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification acceptance of share applied.
Allotment letters are issued to the shareholders. The name and address of the shareholders submitted to the Registrar. To commence Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification business a public company has to obtain a certificate of commencement of Business. For this the following documents have to be filled with the registrar of companies. A declaration that all directors have paid in cash in respect of allotment of shares made to them.
A statutory declaration that the above requirements have been completed and must be signed by the director of company. Memorandum of Association � It is the principal Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification document of a company. No company can be registered without a memorandum of association and that is why it is sometimes called a life Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification giving document. Name clauses � This clause contains the name of the company. The proposed name should not be identicator similar to the name Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification of another exiting company. Situation clauses � This clause contains the name of the state in which the registered office of the company is Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification to be situated.
Object clause � This clause defines the objective with which the company is formed. A company is not legally entitled to do any business other than that specified in the object clause.
Liability Clauses � This clause limits the liability of the members to the amount unpaid on the shares held by them. Capital clause � This clause specifies the maximum capital which the company will be authorized to Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification raise tough the issue of shares called authorized capital. The articles of Association are the rules for the internal management of the affairs of Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification a company the articles defines the duties, rights and powers of the officers and the board of directors.
Contents of the Article: 1. The amount of share capital and different classes of shares. Rights of each class of shareholders. Procedure for making allotment of shares.
Procedure for issuing share certificates. Procedure for forfeiture and reissue of forfeited shares. Rules regarding casting of votes and proxy voting 7. Procedure for selection and removal of directors 8.
Dividend declaration and payment related rules 9. Procedure for capital readjustment Procedure regarding winding up of the company. Prospectus means any Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification document which invites deposits from the public to purchase share or debentures of a company.
Main contents of the Prospectus: 1. The main object of the company 3. The number and classes of shares. Qualification shares of the directors 5. The name and addresses of the directors, managing 10 Pdf Qualification Cbse Class Mathematics Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Cbse Qualification Mathematics Class Pdf 10 director or manager. The time of opening and closing of the subscription list. The amt. Underwriters to the issue. Merchant bankers to the issue. The Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification fine pottery, especially bowls and plates, were found from several archaeological sites throughout the subcontinent.
How do you think it reached these places? The Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Traders might have carried them from the places where they were asked to sell them at other places. In this chapter, we shall Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification study the trade, the kings and about the pilgrims. In this chapter, we will read about Samudragupta's prashishiti which means inscriptions on the Ashokan pillar in praise of Samudragupta. We will study many other concepts in the chapter. This chapter will throw light on different infrastructural components Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification like an iron pillar, buildings in brick and stone, etc.
Also apart from these, we will see many other concepts in detail. Each of the 9 chapters is based on topics that cover many different aspects of society.
Chapter 4: Key Elements of Democratic Government. Download Chapter 1: Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Diversity. Although India's diversity can sometimes be considered its strength but it's not so always.
Read the chapter to know more about Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification the Government. Download Chapter 3: What is Government? This chapter will focus on some of the key elements of a democratic government like equality, Qualification Mathematics 10 Pdf Cbse Class Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification people's participation, resolution of conflict, justice, etc. Read the chapter to know more about the key elements in detail. So, in this chapter, we will mainly see how this Gram Sabha functions. Download Chapter 5: Panchayati Raj. This chapter on "Rural Administration" starts with a story of Cbse Class Mathematics Pdf Qualification 10 Mathematics Cbse 10 Class Qualification Pdf Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification a quarrel between villagers which is then settled after going through some procedure.
This process of settling any conflict or issue is a part Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification of rural administration. So, rural administration is all about how to resolve conflicts in rural areas, how to maintain land records of the villages, Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification etc. A lot of other related topics will be discussed in detail in the chapter. Download Chapter 6: Rural Administration. There are many such Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification similar topics like these that are discussed in the chapter that will give a clear picture of how the administration is carried out at Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification the urban level.
Download Chapter 7: Urban Administration. Also, apart from these, many such similar topics are extensively discussed in the chapter.
Download Chapter Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification 8: Rural Livelihoods. As the name suggests, this chapter on "Urban Livelihoods" highlights all the different kinds of occupation people in the city are engaged with, whether they are employed under someone or are self-employed, whether the nature of their works is similar, etc. We will see such Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification Mathematics 10 Pdf Cbse Class Qualification Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification topics along with other topics being discussed in detail in the chapter. Download Chapter 9: Urban Livelihoods. Also, like other textbooks of Social Science, Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification this book has some intriguing features which make it all the more interesting to read.
At the end of each chapter, there are chapter-based Mathematics Class 10 Cbse Pdf Qualification questions, tick the correct answer, fill in the blanks, etc. Earth Our Habitat comprises of the following chapters which can be directly downloaded in PDF format from the links placed right below the summary or short description of each chapter. This chapter will throw light on different elements or components that form the solar system. There are many other concepts discussed in the chapter so let's read the chapter to know more.
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